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Artificial insemination

Fetal lung development

Before birth, the lungs are filled with a liquid that has a high concentration of chlorides, a low protein content, a little mucus produced by the cells of the bronchial glands, and a surfactant. The amount of surfactant in the alveolar fluid increases, especially in the last weeks before birth.

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Birth membranes in twins

The structure of birth membranes in twins can vary greatly, depending on the type of twins. About two-thirds of the twins are dizygotic; the frequency of their appearance is 7-11 per 1000 births, increasing with increasing age of the mother

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Birth membranes and placenta

At the end of pregnancy, the placenta becomes of disk-shaped form with a diameter of 15-25 cm and of about 3 cm thickness and a 500-600 g. of weight. During childbirth, it breaks away from the uterine wall and approximately 30 minutes after the birth of the baby, it is expelled from the uterine cavity.

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Fetal period

The period from the beginning of the third month to the end of fetal life is called the fetal, or fetal period. It is characterized by the maturation of tissues and organs and the rapid growth of the body.

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Embrionic period

The embryonic period lasts from the third to the eighth week of development. During this period, three folia embryonalia— the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm — give rise to tissues and organ systems. As a result of the formation of organs, body contours are formed.

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Third week of fetal development

A characteristic event of the third week of development is gastrulation - the process of formation of three folia embryonalia (the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) of the embryo.

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Implant Abnormalities

Sometimes abnormal implantation sites occur even in the uterus. Normally, a blastocyst is implanted along the posterior or anterior walls of the uterus. Occasionally, a blastocyst is implanted close to the internal pharynx of the cervix, which in the late stages of placenta development leads to blockage of the pharynx

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Heart defects

Heart and vascular defects include the largest group of birth defects: they are found in 1% of all living newborns. Frequency among stillborns is 10 times higher. It is believed that 8% of all heart defects are caused by genetic factors, 2% - environmental factors, and most are the result of a complex interaction of ge

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